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+====== Premium ======
+  * amount of a premium / discoutn depends on a location's fundamentals, at a specific moment in time[(:ref:jong-introduction-trade-finance)]
+Either way, shippers are facing higher costs. In the Red Sea, shipowners are charging higher freight rates and crew fees, and war risk insurance premiums have surged.((2024))
+Crew fees have doubled, while war risk premiums now amount to around 1% of the value of a ship, versus 0.5% about 10 days ago, excluding discounts, according to industry sources.((2024))
+For instance, costs to charter 1 million barrel-capacity Suezmax ships to send Iraqi oil to Mediterranean refineries have climbed by $2.50-$3.50 a barrel for freight, while insurance has roughly tripled to between 10 and 15 cents a barrel, according to a trader with a European refiner.((2024))