Many US pipeline operators are structured as Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs). This structure exempts them from US federal income taxes but requires payout on the majority of operating income to shareholders. ¹⁾

To some extent, the East-West crude pipeline (Abqaiq-Yanbu) across the Arabian Peninsula and the Abu Dhabi Crude Oil pipeline are alternatives for Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The former, however, leads into the already circumvented Red Sea.¹⁾